AuthorSheema Abdul Aziz, PhD Contributor / Project Pteropus, Rimba, Malaysia (https://rimba.ngo/project-pteropus/)

  • Current Affairs
  • Opinion

27 Mar 2020 All photos by Sanjitpaal Singh / Jitspics.com

The world is now in the throes of a COVID-19 pandemic.

Although the origin and cause of the outbreak have still not been identified, right from the beginning the media was rife with the usual inflammatory statements speculating bats to be the main suspects. 

There is still a lack of conclusive evidence tracing the disease back to bats – the actual SARS-CoV-2 virus has not even been detected in bats yet, and even if it is, this doesn’t prove a direct transmission route from bats to humans, as other factors (and possibly other animals) may have been involved in causing the outbreak.

Let’s not forget, bats were not recorded or reported to be at the Wuhan market when the outbreak started. Yet the supposed ‘bat origin’ of this so-called “bat-borne virus” was quickly propagated and accepted as fact amongst the general public.

This led to further irresponsible speculations quickly surfacing about the outbreak being caused by the consumption of “bat soup”—fake news that has now been debunked.

To this day, bats have not been proven to be the cause of the outbreak. Yet the psychological link between bats and COVID-19 has already been created and solidified in many people’s minds. 

Virologists, disease ecologists, public health officials and science communicators need to realise the impact their words have on the public psyche, and also on the wellbeing and conservation of bats.

Public speculation about the link between bats and diseases is dangerous and unhelpful—particularly when the supporting evidence is still weak. When bats continue to be framed so negatively in disease research and its media coverage, this results in unnecessary scaremongering that does nothing to help address the actual outbreak, but does instead stoke fear and hatred of bats—an already maligned animal group that continues to suffer from an undeserved negative public image.

Project Pteropus mist netting bat pollinators in a durian orchard in Malaysia

This kind of storytelling is incredibly damaging and harmful. It threatens the safety of bat populations, and ultimately reduces support for bat conservation efforts. Indeed, the typical comments in response to such news is to call for the eradication of bats. 

Once people have been led to develop unnecessary fear and paranoia around bats, it becomes very difficult to counter this, even with positive messaging about the beneficial aspects of bats.

If people are being forced to make a psychological choice between ecosystem services and their own health and safety, it’s not hard to see what choice they’re going to make.

In my own work alone, potential project partners have declined to support our bat outreach efforts because they worry that being associated with bats will hurt their businesses due to the COVID-19 hysteria.

A member of the public even complained to a wildlife officer about my team catching and handling bats for research—spurred by an unfounded concern about COVID-19.

Modern zoonotic outbreaks are clearly driven by the environmental destruction wrought by humans. As such, the best prevention method is in fact conservation action to preserve wildlife habitat, maintain wildlife populations in the wild, and reduce contact between wildlife and humans/livestock.

This fact has long been recognised and championed by the holistic One Health approach that recognises how environmental, animal, and human health are intertwined, equally important, and must all be prioritised concurrently.

This crucial message needs to be repeatedly highlighted; however, even in this effort there needs to be careful and sensitive messaging to the public.

The durian pollinating Cave Nectar Bat (Eonycteris spelaea)

We must not teach people to fear close proximity with bats. We need people to appreciate, value, and celebrate the nature that’s on their doorstep, in a safe and respectful way.

Conservationists, disease researchers, and communicators should avoid creating an assumption that human health can only be safeguarded by a total and complete separation between people and bats.

This is highly counter-productive and can have disastrous effects in places where local communities coexist with bats in the same space, which is common in both rural and urban areas.

In some places, this close-proximity coexistence has been the norm for generations despite the availability of pristine, high-quality bat habitat right next door; bats do often make a deliberate choice to roost amongst or near humans for no discernible reason.

In other cases, a loss of habitat and food resources can drive bats to suddenly move into human-dominated areas. Once bats establish themselves in this way it is exceedingly difficult—close to impossible—to remove them, even with lethal methods.

The last thing we need is for people to start panicking over this ‘forced’ coexistence, especially in places where bats and humans have had such a long history of cohabiting safely without disease spillover.

Certainly, we should teach people the right ways to live safely with bats in order to prevent zoonotic spillover.

Culling bats should never be attempted or promoted as a form of disease prevention and control. Yet people who have been led to specifically fear bats as disease vectors often do exactly that. Already we are hearing reports of bats being burned to death in Indonesia by the authorities, beaten to death by members of the public in Australia, and even thrown down a rubbish chute by urban residents in Singapore.

In Singapore, wildlife managers are fielding complaints and removal requests from the public who don’t want bats around urban housing areas. The backlash is very real, and it’s already begun.

With bats playing such critical roles in maintaining ecosystem health, their disappearance could cause multiple ecosystems to unravel and ultimately collapse.

Killing bats thus simply creates a ticking time bomb, leading to a new ecological crisis we’ll have to deal with later down the line.

The more immediate, short-term risk of such action is that it facilitates greater exposure to, and transmission of, disease.

So aside from jeopardising the welfare of bats, nature, and long-term human wellbeing, people who attempt to eradicate bats put themselves in direct contact with stressed and panicked animals that are far more likely to transmit pathogens—ironically, the very nightmare scenario that disease researchers and public health officials are trying to prevent.

Negative portrayals of bats thus undermine conservation and public health goals equally.

Instead, disease researchers, public health officials and science communicators should collaborate and coordinate closely with bat researchers and conservationists to devise more constructive communication on this topic.

There should be an integrated effort to ensure that public messaging and community engagement is sensitively crafted, and responsibly executed. If we can commit to this common goal, and execute this more holistic and interdisciplinary approach, we’ll finally be able to produce the right kind of information and messages to the benefit of both bats and humans. Do you think animals are wrongly blamed for the spread of diseases? Tell us what you think at community@ricemedia.co.

AuthorSheema Abdul Aziz, PhD Contributor / Project Pteropus, Rimba, Malaysia (https://rimba.ngo/project-pteropus/)


By Merlin D. Tuttle

Misguided fears of bats as disease carriers threaten a valuable and important species.

It has been a bad decade for bats. Prior to the emergence of COVID-19, they were already in severe decline worldwide. Now, they are blamed as the culprits behind one of the costliest pandemics in modern history, even though the source and method of transmission haven’t been identified. Although scientists have an obligation to promptly disclose new threats, premature speculation about bats has been exaggerated in attention-grabbing media headlines. The result has been needless confusion, leading to the demonization, eviction, and slaughtering of bats even where they are most needed.

As of mid-March, “patient zero” for COVID-19 still had not been found, and who or what infected that person remains a mystery. There is even uncertainty about whether the viral jump from an unknown intermediate host to humans occurred in the location initially identified, an animal and seafood market in Wuhan, China. Despite these uncertainties, the media, with no small assistance from scientists, has sensationalized the risks, often without providing perspective, settling on bats as the likely culprit and thus making them targets in a viral witch hunt.

Around the world, bats are feeling the effects of this misinformation. My Malaysian colleague, Sheema Abdul Aziz, has spent years documenting the key role of flying fox bats as essential pollinators of Southeast Asia’s multibillion-dollar-a-year durian crop. Growers were planning to join her in a public education campaign explaining the value of bats, but now they fear a public backlash and are reluctant to support her efforts. A local resort has expressed fear of loss of sales due to a nearby flying fox colony. Fearing her research will trigger a new disease outbreak, private citizens have even asked the government to stop her from handling bats and to support eradication, something already reported in neighboring Indonesia. My colleagues in China are also deeply concerned about the demonization of bats and calls for their eradication.

Even in my home city of Austin, Texas, where we have safely enjoyed sharing a downtown bridge with 1.5 million bats for decades, growing numbers of people are asking about disease risks. Despite warnings from poorly informed health officials that our bats were rabid and dangerous, they’ve yet to transmit a single case of disease. They simply attract millions of tourist dollars each summer and control tons of crop pests each night. Texas bats are worth more than a billion dollars annually. Now bat-lovers are experiencing a backlash against putting up bat houses because neighbors say they fear that attracting bats will bring disease.

But simply telling people that bats are valuable and shouldn’t be killed can’t counter panic. I have personally investigated instances where fearful humans had burned, poisoned, or sealed caves, killing millions of bats at a time. Based on my experience, I have concluded that there is no greater threat than the intolerance and eradication that results from misguided fear.

Exaggerated warnings of bat disease risks aren’t just misguided. They threaten the health of entire ecosystems and economies. Researchers in Indonesia conservatively estimate that bats save cacao growers more than $700 million annually in avoided insect damage. In Mexico, tequila and mescal production worth billions annually relies on bats that pollinate agaves. From Southeast Asiato the Mediterranean, bats provide key pest control for rice growers. In South Africa, macadamia growers benefit from bat control of stink bugs.

Despite a long tradition of being misunderstood and feared, perhaps because of their nocturnal habits and erratic flight, bats have an outstanding record of living safely with humans. Millions living in backyard bat houses, city parks, and bridges have proven to be safe neighbors. I have never been attacked and am still healthy after more than 60 years studying and handling hundreds of species worldwide, sometimes surrounded by millions in caves. Because, like veterinarians, I am occasionally bitten by unfamiliar animals I handle, I’m vaccinated against rabies.

For anyone who simply avoids handling bats, the odds of contracting any disease from one are incalculably small. All diseases attributed to bats are easily avoided, even when bats live in one’s yard.

However, these facts typically go unreported, while risks are often magnified. The March 11 issue of Scientific American provides an excellent example. Its COVID-19 article subhead reads, “Wuhan-based virologist Shi Zhengli has identified dozens of deadly SARS-like viruses in bat caves, and she warns there are more out there.” The use of “deadly” is unjustified speculation.

The article additionally claims that the Wuhan outbreak is the sixth outbreak caused by bats in the past 26 years. In fact, the first four listed (SARS, MERS, Hendra, Ebola) appear to have been transmitted to people by animals other than bats—yet bats still receive primary blame. The fifth, the Nipah virus, which likely is spread to people from flying fox bats, is easily prevented by simply covering collection containers or pasteurizing contaminated palm juice.

Two possible scenarios have been hypothesized for the COVID-19 outbreak. The first is that a new coronavirus entered an intermediate host animal, such as a pangolin, where it evolved over an undetermined period to gradually become a threat to people. Alternatively, the new coronavirus could have been harmless when it first entered humans, but over time evolved to become virulent. Such scenarios would be difficult to predict, and a publication currently under review even points to mice and domestic pigs as possible sources.

So why has the media almost universally blamed bats? In part because scientists have disproportionately focused on sampling them.

Since 2005, when coronaviruses in horseshoe bats were first hypothesized to be the ancestors of the coronavirus that caused SARS, bats have received far more scrutiny than any other group of animals. For example, in the study on which the scariest headlines were based, researchers sampled nearly twice as many bats as rodents, shrews, and nonhuman primates combined and didn’t even include carnivores or ungulates.

Easily blamed, due to their lack of popularity, bats are also the easiest mammals to quickly sample in large numbers. This led to rapid publication of the results, and sensational speculations were deemed more acceptable when focused on already-feared animals.

Not surprisingly, more viruses have been found in bats than in less-surveyed species, so biased speculation has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. We don’t yet know if bats have more viruses than other animals because we haven’t similarly sampled others. And even if bats do have more, the number of viruses isn’t necessarily indicative of transmission risk. Many viruses are innocuous or possibly even beneficial.

Some virologists have capitalized on the fear of pandemics to promote funding for viral surveys in nature as a possible means of preventing or mitigating these scary events. They convinced the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to budget $4.8 billion in 2019 for surveys searching for potentially high-risk viruses. Referring to the COVID-19 pandemic, longtime surveying proponents now argue that the best way forward is to prevent future outbreaks by beginning with surveys to find and catalog wildlife viruses globally, focusing on what they consider to be high-risk animals, including bats.

However, many leading experts strongly disagree. They argue that such surveys would be extremely costly and have little practical value. Viral-caused outbreaks are exceedingly rare, and their emergence is unpredictable. The evolutionary virologist Edward Holmes and associates note that even if all current viruses could be cataloged, new variants of RNA viruses are constantly evolving. They bluntly warn of arrogance and loss of credibility resulting from promises that viral surveys could prevent or even mitigate pandemics.

To understand why surveying will fail as a strategy, consider the examples of MERS, West Nile, and Zika viruses. MERS jumped to humans from a seemingly unlikely source, camels, in Saudi Arabia, previously believed to be an extremely improbable location for such an incident. Robert Tesh, an expert on emerging viruses, has pointed out that neither West Nile nor Zika viruses are new. They simply spilled over when transported to new areas in incidents that couldn’t have been predicted.

A growing number of leading epidemiologists agree that it isn’t possible to predict the animal origin of the next viral outbreak. Unfortunately, their warnings are seldom covered by public media. When they are, they tend to be de-emphasized.

Finding the true source and means of infection for patient zero in the current outbreak seems far more important than condemning bats or spending billions on searches for potential pathogens. Such public health funds would be much better directed toward improved early detection in humans.

But we humans must also address our own culpability. Caging and slaughtering a wide variety of animals in markets virtually guarantees the spread of viral infections. Blaming already unpopular bats only increases already severe threats to their survival, despite scientific certainty about the enormous benefits they provide to both the environment and societies. Care about bats or not, we should see COVID-19 as a grim reminder that human well-being requires responsible stewardship of nature, not just dominance.

Merlin Tuttle is a leading bat researcher who founded and directed Bat Conservation International for 30 years. He now directs Merlin Tuttle’s Bat Conservation and is a research fellow in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin.


Sydney BatsJanuary 8 at 7:53 AM

In the last few weeks, extreme heat has affected our flying-foxes. This and the bushfires currently ravaging eastern Australia are all related – with a warming climate, heatwaves are becoming more frequent and severe, which is exacerbating the bushfires, and also directly causing casualties in flying-foxes.

We’ve mentioned in previous posts that before Christmas, extreme conditions in South Australia killed over 10,000 flying-foxes in a couple of days, and 3-4,000 animals in Victoria.

This last week, we’ve had extreme temperatures in the Sydney and Hunter regions, so much so that on one day Penrith in western Sydney was the hottest place on the planet at 48.9 C.
https://www.theguardian.com/…/australian-weather-canberra-a…

This burst of extreme temperature has resulted in mass fatalities of flying-foxes in many camps in the area, made worse by the fact that the flying-foxes are in big numbers in this region, as south of Sydney is basically a burnt wasteland… and that many of the animals are probably weakened by having to fly long distances to escape the fires.

Even Sydney Bats’ home camp has had mass fatalities. We don’t usually experience this, as the valley the camp is in is heavily vegetated and protected – but the storm that went through the local area in November last year caused damage to the vegetation in the valley, leaving it more exposed
https://www.theguardian.com/…/sydney-storm-power-cut-to-470…
– and we currently have double the usual number of bats resident for this time of year, a result of bats trying to escape the fires…

It’s quite common for people to claim that “it’s just nature”, or “survival of the fittest”, or “we’ve always had heatwaves”.
But this isn’t normal. Yes, in Australia there’s always been heatwaves, and droughts, and fires. But they are becoming more frequent, and more severe. Which is in line with predictions made by climate scientists.
For our wildlife, this is hitting combined with decreasing habitat, and being forced into less suitable and less protective environments.

Wildlife rescue groups have been doing what they can, but their ability is limited in these extreme conditions.
Like the Rural Fire Services who are trying to actively fight the bushfires, there’s not enough resources available to do the job effectively – so compromises have to be made…

There’s some good links available which show the scale of the devastation – I’m deliberately just going to link to them here rather than share them, with the caveat that yes there’s good information but it’s distressing…

A great Nat Geo article, with some brilliant pics by photographer Doug Gimesy:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/…/flying-foxes-are-dyin…/
Our sister site, Sarah’s Bats, has a couple of posts about the events:
https://www.facebook.com/sarahsbats/


Flying foxes are dying en masse in Australia’s extreme heat

In three days before Christmas, thousands of the mammals died in 110-degree heat in one Melbourne park.

Dozens of panting, suffocating gray-headed flying foxes clump together in an attempt to survive 110-degree heat in Yarra Bend Park, outside of Melbourne, in late December. Some 4,500 foxes, including many of these seen here, died over three days in the park.

Photograph by Doug Gimesy

By Natasha Daly

PUBLISHED January 7, 2020

The 30,000 gray-headed flying foxes in Yarra Bend Park, just outside the heart of Melbourne, Australia, were having a fairly normal early spring.

In September and October—springtime in Australia and prime birthing season for the 11-inch long megabats—many of the flying foxes had returned to the park from their winter migration

up the coast. Females were birthing pups as normal, says biologist Stephen Brend, who is in charge of monitoring gray-headed flying foxes in Victoria province, including at Yarra Bend Park, which is home to a significant colony of the bats. All was routine.

“And then the horror started,” Brend says. “It got too hot, too quickly.”

Incapable of surviving the extreme, relentless heat that gripped Melbourne in December, the flying foxes were dying. Across three days just before Christmas, when temperatues exceeded 110 degrees Fahrenehit, 4,500 of the park’s gray-headed flying foxes perished—15 percent of the colony’s population.

The tragedy for flying foxes in the park echoes scenes of wildlife suffering across the country and puts a spotlight on the perils of extreme heat, which for some species can be just as deadly as fire. Great and small, fast and slow, Australia’s endemic animals are falling victim to the heatwaves and fires that are ravaging the country at an unprecedented scale. It’s the hottest and driest summer in Australia in recorded history. As the planet warms, large-scale fires are becoming more frequent, and bushfire seasons are getting longer.

For gray-headed flying foxes, which are classified as vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the Yarra Bend event is not isolated. “The colony in Adelaide suffered even worse,” says Brend. Several thousand flying fox babies died there from extreme heat between November and January, says Justin Welbergen, associate professor of animal ecology at Western Sydney University and president of the Australasian Bat Society. On January 4, many thousands of flying fox babies died across multiple roosts in and around the Sydney region in New South Wales, where the temperature reached a record-breaking 121 degrees Fahrenheit. Welbergen’s team, which monitors flying fox heat stress conditions, is calculating a final death toll.

This summer’s extreme heat and extreme fires, which have imperiled Australia’s entire eastern coast—prime flying-fox habitat—“risk wiping out the 2019 generation” of newborn bats, Brend says. Some 80 percent of flying fox pups are born in October. They were young and vulnerable when heat waves and wildfires broke out late last year.

Hour by hour in extreme heat

A day in the life of a flying fox in a heatwave is unforgiving. By 5:30 a.m., as dawn breaks, the bats have returned to their trees after spending the night feeding on nectar and fruit. By 8 a.m., Brend says, it’s getting hot in their roosts. The bats fan their wings to keep cool, but they can only do it for so long before they start to get tired, he says. By noon, they’re getting exhausted, and temperatures continue to climb. The bats start to pant, which accelerates dehydration.

At that point, they could fly into the river to get a drink (the Yarra River runs through the middle of the 640-acre park), “but it’s like us running to the shop in the middle of a heat wave,” Brend says. Flying takes energy, and when they’re exhausted and dehydrated, they’ll simply stay put.

Distressed and starting to panic, the bats try to find a cool spot. Mothers will deposit their babies on branches and separate, Brend says, searching for a tree trunk that might be cooler. The bats follow each other—spotting one on a trunk seems to signal to the rest that it’s a refuge. They start to clump together. “It’s like a football scrum of bats,” Brend says. “To the observer, it looks mindless.” The ones who got there first are now surrounded and smothered by dozens of others.

“At that point in time everything has gone wrong,” Brend says. That’s when his team, made up of park staff and volunteers, will step in to try to break up the clumps by spraying them with water, which cools them down and slakes their thirst.

Tragedy on the trees

On December 20th, at the height of the three-day heat event that killed 4,500 flying foxes, “it never got cool,” Brend says. At 9 p.m., the team was out spraying. But it was pitch black, tree limbs were falling, and there are venomous snakes in the brush. “We had to call it off. We couldn’t see. It was 38 degrees [100 degrees Fahrenheit]. It was deeply distressing,” he says. “It was carnage.”

“One falls, and the rest cascade on the ground, crushing and suffocating each other. Dozens if not hundreds of dead or dying bats are at the bottom of the tree,” says Melbourne-based photojournalist Douglas Gimesy, who documented the December rescue efforts. “You’re looking down at them and they’re looking up at you gasping. They’re smothering and heating up. Volunteers will go in and separate out bodies and find some that are still alive. But you’ve got 20 to 30 rescuers and 4,500 bats. It’s like a war zone. It’s sad and distressing and heartbreaking, and you know it will happen again and again and again.”

“Some we get to in time,” says Tamsyn Hogarth, one of the rescuers. “Others die in your hand.” By the third day, on December 20th, the air was thick with “the smell of death,” she says. Hogarth runs Fly By Night, a wildlife shelter in Melbourne dedicated to rescuing, rehabilitating, and releasing gray-headed flying foxes. She and other volunteers rescued 255 babies during the extreme heat events in December in Yarra Bend Park. Two dozen volunteers across Victoria province are currently caring for the bats, which range in age from two to 12 weeks old.

Heatwave deaths are normal for the bats—but this is different.

Hot days causing bat deaths are normal in Yarra Bend Park. “We’re always worried about heat events. You’re not going to get through summer without having really hot days,” says Brend.

Last summer, for example, a few hundred bats died, he says.

One study found that between 1994 and 2007, approximately 30,000 gray-headed flying foxes died in extreme heat events in Australia.

But the timing of this year’s extreme heat—right after birthing season—contributed to unusually high mortality. Because the young were still nursing, their mothers’ energy levels were depleted, and all of them—parents and new babies—are more vulnerable, Brend says. The first weekend in December was extremely hot, and it was followed by a succession of hot days all month, culminating in the three-day death event, reaching a peak of 110 degrees Fahrenheit in Yarra Bend on December 20.

“It’s emotional and frightening for the species. And this is happening across their entire range,” Brend says. While Yarra Bend Park hasn’t been hit by fires, much of the flying foxes’ habitat lies directly in the fire zones along Australia’s east coast.

A modern-day passenger pigeon?

A May 2019 national survey estimated that there are around 589,000 gray-headed flying foxes in Australia. Although their numbers are robust now, they face a host of threats, from routine extreme heat events to entanglement in urban infrastructure, such as nets and barbed wire, as well as harassment from residents who see them as pests.

The bats are nomadic. Much of their range is currently in the fire zones. Many travel north in winter, roosting in forests along the coast, which they may find scorched. The “bushfires have destroyed essential foraging resources on unprecedented scales,” says Welbergen. “There is no refuge for them,” says Brend. “It’s not like it’s bad in Melbourne but will be OK in northern New South Wales—it’s not OK anywhere.”

“That can’t go on for too many cycles before the population declines,” Brend says. “I don’t want to be alarmist or dramatic—there are still thousands of these bats—but there’s no reason to be confident anymore.”

“Our worry is we’ll have the new passenger pigeon,” he says, referring to what was once the most abundant bird in North America before being hunted to extinction in the 19th century.

‘Bats need the forest and the forest needs the bats’

Flying foxes play a vital role in the forest. “Their ecological role is as big, nocturnal bees,” Brend says. They carry seeds and pollinate trees, gardening the forest by night. “Bats need the forest and the forest needs the bats,” says Brend.

And it’s still the middle of summer in Australia. “We’ll battle on for our upside down friends,” says Lawrence Pope, a rescuer caring for five orphaned baby bats at home, “but things look very grim.”

“In this horror year, all species are suffering. It’s really frightening,” Brend says. “We’re hot, and they’re hot, and it’s a nightmare.”


By now, the rise of Austin’s “bat culture” has been well documented. As I argue in this article (https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MC/issue/view/2073), bats have become central to Austin’s identity through the efforts of conservationist Merlin Tuttle, who sought to resignify bats as “cool” rather than “scary.”  By replacing images from horror films with images of real bats – and even allowing local citizens to see live bats up-close – Tuttle convinced a city not to fear its resident bat colony, but to celebrate it.  Tuttle’s photography and information campaigns were so successful that tourists visiting Austin will find bat imagery in local restaurants, shops, murals, statuary… you name it.

While researching my article, I sought to understand how Austin’s status as the “Live Music Capital of the World” overlapped with its reputation as the “Bat City.”  Though the two concepts seem unrelated, they intersect in a surprising number of ways. On one hand, images depicting bats in musical poses are surprisingly common –  radio station KMFA’s “listen local” logo is one great example (https://www.kmfa.org/programs/3-listen-local). Additionally, a number of local musicians mobilize bat imagery to express their Austinite identity.  Some of my personal favorites include the Bat City Surfers (https://batcitysurfers.bandcamp.com/), Echo and the Bats (http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2017/07/30/echo-and-the-bats-make-folk-rock-out-of-folktales), and a truly awesome interactive piece by composer Steve Parker (https://www.steve-parker.net/bat-man/).  As I discuss in my article, there are many reasons for bat-music parallels, but they can mostly be boiled down to the efforts of local politicians to identify Austin’s unique character in effort to encourage the presence of tourists.

However, for many people I encountered during my research in Austin, horror imagery remained a significant part of how they related to bats.  Bats’ association with horror originated with the colonization of the Americas, in which Europeans grossly exaggerated their experiences with vampire bats in Mexico and Central America, arguably displacing their fears about unfamiliar Mesoamerican indigenous groups with narratives about vampires. In other words, bats’ use in vampire stories and later horror films and stories are modern adaptations of colonial racism that posited indigenous North Americans as less than human. In addition, as scientific activists like Tuttle have argued, such exaggerated fears lead directly to the unnecessary killing of bat populations by ill-informed citizens and profit-mongering pest control companies.

Throughout my research in Austin I discovered that horror narratives that include bats also serve other social functions within present-day human populations. Some of the artists I interviewed capitalized on the colonial roots of horror narratives in order to express their experiences of marginalization in a white-dominated society. For others, bats’ reputation as Other was intimately linked with Austin’s ethos of alterity – a “weird” animal that represented a “weird” city. Normalizing bats might have been the goal of Tuttle’s education programs, but the popularity of Austin’s Chiropterans is also directly linked to bats’ status as “not normal.”

Interestingly, most of the artists that I interviewed were in favor of bat conservation, even when they used imagery derived directly from damaging fictions associated with horror.  In most cases, the artists I interviewed did not see conservation and horror as mutually exclusive. In my opinion, this is because most Austinite’s use of horror imagery is self-conscious: it is used as a form of commentary on a particular social situation, using camp. irony, and a host of other discursive techniques to articulate both an acceptance of horror imagery and a rejection of it at the same time. In order to understand these artists, then, we need to read between the lines of their imagery, trying to understand how horror imagery expresses precisely what it expresses to them.

Tuttle’s photography has been successful in changing cultural narratives about bats not because he got rid of existing narratives, but because he replaced them with new ones. Similarly, bats’ use by goths and punks in Austin works because it re-signifies the meaning of existing horror imagery – it takes existing cultural depictions and assigns them new meaning based on changing cultural context. We have to understand what this means – and its relationship to colonialism – in order to address it. How can we use bats to acknowledge colonial history while at the same time developing more positive representations that don’t encourage senseless killing?  How can we delve into the source of what we truly fear about bats, what it means, and make it less scary?  How can we create art that truly expresses the complexity of our relationships to bats?


Just back from the 49th Annual Symposium of the North American Society for Bat Research in Kalamazoo, Michigan and what a treat it was!

There’s nothing better than being in a room full of passionate, brilliant people, sharing their hard-won knowledge for the benefit of bats around the world. It is, however, much like drinking from a fire-hose, with a new presentation of cutting-edge research every 15 minutes for three days.

Highlights included a photography workshop led by the legendary Brock Fenton & Merlin Tuttle, and up-and-coming Price Sewell.
Rodrigo Medellin presented fascinating work on the second-largest bat in the Americas, the Wooly False Vampire bat, showing that this carnivorous bat requires large, well-preserved forests for its conservation.

We really enjoyed talking to the many undergrads who explained their posters describing results of their fieldwork.

But mostly we were happy to catch up with old friends and make new ones, while discussing the latest efforts to mitigate threats to bats, including WNS, wind turbines, and habitat loss.

On the way back home, we got to wait for a delayed flight with Texas State Mammalogist Jonah Evans, who in addition to leading state efforts to fight WNS, also found time to entertain with his guitar till 1:30 am the previous night in his hotel room. What a good dude!


            The prospect of free entrance into the National Parks, even for just one day, was too tempting to pass up; so on a Saturday in late August I threw all my backpacking gear together and headed west. First stop was Carlsbad Caverns. I stuck around the visitor’s center until the bat flight at the cavern’s natural entrance. Half a million Brazilian free-tailed bats roost in Carlsbad and, just as they do in Austin, every night they emerge impressively from the cave. At least a hundred people had gathered in the amphitheater, but pictures aren’t allowed at the bat flight (as a precaution for the bats) which was pretty relaxing. Free-tails are just one of thirteen bat species in the Carlsbad area.

            After the bat flight I drove out a dirt road to the trailhead for Rattlesnake Canyon, spotting mule deer, black-tailed jackrabbits, and common poorwills along the way. I hiked down by the light of my headlamp, and Sunday morning it was remarkable to see the slopes of the canyon around me that I just couldn’t see the night before. A walk before breakfast turned up a javelina that was very surprised to see me and a lot of canyon wrens. After hiking out, it was down to Guadalupe Mountains National Park headquarters to snap a picture with El Capitan…..from below, unfortunately, as I didn’t have enough time to climb it this time.

Muly

            I started down the Bush Mountain Trail at around midafternoon. Just half a mile down trail the valley was a flurry of bird activity, with a whole family of phainopeplas, rock wrens, and rufous-crowned sparrows to name a few. Bush Mountain treats to spectacular views of the grassy mountains around you and the Guadalupe Mountains stretching north. At the highest point of the trail I could look into both Dog Canyon that I’d left behind and West Dog Canyon. Markus primitive campground was empty except for me, as all the trails had been that day. As the sun disappeared and the stars became visible, I was treated to the complete stillness of the wilderness.

            The next day I got up two hours before dawn and started hiking out. Two hundred fifty feet up I stopped to make breakfast and watch the sunrise. It was an easy downhill hike back to my car and the wildlife showed up. A Pygmy short-horned lizard was warming up on the trail and I added kestrels, black-chinned sparrows, and a black-headed grosbeak to the bird list. Eventually I made back to the car and headed home. It was a quick trip, and featured fewer trees than I imagined, but Guadalupe Mountains is beautiful from any angle you look at it.

Pygmy short-horned lizard

The sonic assault from the Austin American Statesman parking lot battered the bats all afternoon, with the addition of a laser light show after dark. Can’t we find a better place for that kind of show? Is this how we show our appreciation and love for the bats?

The bats flew out in the rain during Bat Fest, totally surprising, and unprecedented in our experience. We wonder why they would do that.

[embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kw6fEL270OM[/embedyt]

Next night was not a bad emergence, for the evening after Bat Fest!  Nice to see they apparently did not move to another roost. Well keep checking!


We were asked to test a thermal camera for an acoustic deterrent study taking place this fall at Texas State University.

TXSU toured our facilities last year and now will build a larger flight cage per our specifications on the Freeman Ranch, near the university.
This cage will be the site of an acoustic deterrent study aimed at lowering the kill rate for yellow bats at wind farms.
The Department of Energy has granted funds for the study and NRG, an energy company, lent us the thermal camera to test for the study.

There was concern that the size of the netting we specified for bat safety was smaller than the pixel size of the Axis Q1942-E PT Mount Thermal Network Camera, once the camera was placed far enough back to cover half the flight cage in its field of view. Two cameras will be used, one to cover each end of the cage, where the acoustic deterrents will be activated randomly, while the cameras monitor the reactions of the bats.  Success in this project could reduce yellow bat mortality around wind farms.  Some success has been made in deterrents for Mexican free-tailed bats and hoary bats, but none so far for yellow bats. Hopefully this study will provide some solutions for the northern yellow bats, southern yellow bats, and western yellow bats in South Texas, an area with a large number of wind farms.

Here’s what we found with a camera placed 9.3 meters back from the netting.

Even thought the netting did show up as a worrisome haze, once the bats started flying their metabolisms created plenty enough heat to track them as they hunted moths in the flight cage.

In fact, they look liked comets blazing through the night sky.  Furry little shooting stars!

The team was excited at the results of our test, and now can move confidently on with construction of the study flight cage and procurement of the cameras!

We’ll also ensure that the yellow bats used in the study are well cared for, before they are released after 2-3 days in captivity.